Bajo la Sección 18-4-302 de los Estatutos Revisados de Colorado, el robo agravado es un robo que involucra un arma mortal. Esto incluye no solo armas de fuego y cuchillos, sino también cualquier objeto que pueda ser utilizado para herir gravemente a alguien.
El robo agravado es un delito grave de clase 3 en Colorado. La siguiente tabla resume las penas.
Robo Agravado | Pena de Prisión en Colorado |
Si lastimaste a alguien a propósito o lo hiciste temer por su seguridad | De 10 a 32 años |
Otros casos | De 4 a 16 años |
A continuación, nuestros abogados de defensa criminal en Denver, Colorado discuten los siguientes temas relacionados con el robo agravado:
1. Elementos
El robo agravado se considera típicamente como “robo armado”. Para que seas declarado culpable de robo agravado bajo la Sección 18-4-302 de los Estatutos Revisados de Colorado, los fiscales deben demostrar más allá de una duda razonable que utilizaste la fuerza, amenazas o intimidación para robar algo de alguien (o en su presencia) y además:
- Tenías un arma mortal y la intención, si se resistía, de matar, mutilar o herir a la persona robada; o
- Heriste o golpeaste a otra persona a propósito con un arma mortal; o
- Utilizaste el arma mortal para poner a otra persona en un temor razonable de muerte o lesiones corporales; o
- Representaste que estabas armado con un arma mortal.1
Incluso si estabas desarmado, aún puedes ser declarado culpable de robo agravado si tu cómplice estaba armado.
El siguiente gráfico muestra cuándo se procesa el robo como “robo agravado” en Colorado:
En resumen, el robo agravado requiere el uso o la amenaza de un arma mortal, mientras que los casos de robo simple no lo hacen.2
Ejemplo: Frank corre y arrebata un bolso a Fiona mientras ella está comprando en el centro de Denver. Frank puede ser declarado culpable de robo porque usó la fuerza para quitarle un objeto a otra persona. No usó un arma, por lo que no se le acusaría de robo agravado.
Ejemplo: Claire saca una escopeta y apunta a Jonathan, quien acaba de sacar dinero de un cajero automático. Ella le apunta con el arma y amenaza con dispararle si no le da el dinero. Claire puede ser acusada de robo agravado porque usó un arma mortal para cometer un robo, lo que es un factor agravante.
2. Armas Mortales
Según la ley de Colorado, las armas mortales incluyen:
- armas de fuego, ya sea cargadas o descargadas,
- cuchillos,
- porras, o
- cualquier otro arma o material, ya sea animado o inanimado, que, en la forma en que se usa o se pretende usar, sea capaz de producir la muerte o lesiones corporales graves.3
Por lo tanto, casi cualquier cosa podría calificar como un arma mortal dependiendo de cómo se use. Ejemplos comunes incluyen:
- martillos,
- granadas,
- tubos de metal,
- destornilladores,
- ácido,
- bates de béisbol, o
- automóviles u otros vehículos motorizados.
¿Qué pasa si mentí sobre tener un arma mortal?
Incluso si no tenías un arma mortal durante el robo, aún puedes ser declarado culpable de robo agravado en Colorado si:
- Dijiste que poseías un arma mortal, o
- Usaste un objeto que parece un arma mortal.4
Ejemplo: Dean se acerca a Sam mientras Sam se está subiendo a su auto después del trabajo. Dean tiene el dedo en el bolsillo, apuntando en forma de pistola para hacer que parezca que está armado. Dean amenaza con dispararle a Sam con su “pistola” si Sam se niega a entregarle su maletín. Aunque Dean nunca tuvo una pistola, aún será acusado de robo agravado.
3. Penas
El robo agravado es un delito grave de clase 3 en Colorado y también es un delito de riesgo extraordinario. La pena es de 10 a 32 años de prisión si durante el robo – o mientras huyes de él – a propósito:
- lastimaste o golpeaste a una persona con un arma mortal, o
- usaste la fuerza, amenazas o intimidación para poner a una persona en un temor razonable de muerte o lesiones corporales.
De lo contrario, la pena de prisión sería de cuatro a 16 años.
(d)��He takes anything of value from the person of another by the use of force, threats, or intimidation with a deadly weapon.
(2)��Aggravated robbery is a class 3 felony, but, if committed under circumstances which would constitute murder in the first or second degree, is a class 2 felony.
(3)��For the purposes of this section, “deadly weapon” means any of the weapons listed in section 18-1-901 (3) (e) or any other weapon, device, instrument, material, or substance, whether animate or inanimate, that, in the manner it is used or intended to be used, is capable of producing death or serious bodily injury.
(4)��For the purposes of this section, “confederate” means a person who knowingly acts in support of the commission of a robbery by another, with the intent to be an aider, abettor, or accessory to the commission of the robbery.
(1)��A person who knowingly takes anything of value from the person or presence of another by the use of force, threats, or intimidation commits robbery.
(2)��Robbery is a class 4 felony, but it is a class 3 felony if:
(a)��The offender is armed with a deadly weapon with intent, if resisted, to kill, maim, or wound the person robbed or any other person; ��or
(b)��The offender knowingly wounds or strikes the person robbed or any other person with a deadly weapon or by the use of force, threats, or intimidation with a deadly weapon knowingly puts the person robbed or any other person in reasonable fear of death or bodily injury; ��or
(c)��The offender has present a confederate, aiding or abetting the perpetration of the robbery, armed with a deadly weapon, with the intent, either on the part of the offender or confederate, if resistance is offered, to kill, maim, or wound the person robbed or any other person, or by the use of force, threats, or intimidation puts the person robbed or any other person in reasonable fear of death or bodily injury.
(3)��For the purposes of this section, “deadly weapon” means any of the weapons listed in section 18-1-901 (3) (e) or any other weapon, device, instrument, material, or substance, whether animate or inanimate, that, in the manner it is used or intended to be used, is capable of producing death or serious bodily injury.
(4)��For the purposes of this section, “confederate” means a person who knowingly acts in support of the commission of a robbery by another, with the intent to be an aider, abettor, or accessory to the commission of the robbery.
(1)��A person commits theft when he or she knowingly obtains, retains, or exercises control over anything of value of another without authorization or by threat or deception; ��or receives, loans money by pawn or pledge on, or disposes of anything of value or belonging to another that he or she knows or believes to have been stolen, and:
(a)��Intends to deprive the other person permanently of the use or benefit of the thing of value;
(b)��Knowingly uses, conceals, or abandons the thing of value in such manner as to deprive the other person permanently of its use or benefit;
(c)��Uses, conceals, or abandons the thing of value intending that such use, concealment, or abandonment will deprive the other person permanently of its use or benefit;
(d)��Demands any consideration to which he or she is not legally entitled as a condition of restoring the thing of value to the other person; ��or
(e)��Knowingly retains the thing of value more than seventy-two hours after the agreed-upon time of return in any lease or hire agreement.
(2)��Theft is:
(a)��A class 2 misdemeanor if the value of the thing involved is less than five hundred dollars;
(b)��A class 1 misdemeanor if the value of the thing involved is five hundred dollars or more but less than one thousand dollars;
(c)��A class 4 felony if the value of the thing involved is one thousand dollars or more but less than twenty thousand dollars;
(d)��A class 3 felony if the value of the thing involved is twenty thousand dollars or more but less than one hundred thousand dollars;
(e)��A class 2 felony if the value of the thing involved is one hundred thousand dollars or more.
(3)��(a)��If a person commits theft twice or more within any six-month period and the aggregate value of the things involved is one thousand dollars or more but less than twenty thousand dollars, theft is a class 4 felony.
(b)��If a person commits theft twice or more within any six-month period and the aggregate value of the things involved is twenty thousand dollars or more but less than one hundred thousand dollars, theft is a class 3 felony.
(c)��If a person commits theft twice or more within any six-month period and the aggregate value of the things involved is one hundred thousand dollars or more, theft is a class 2 felony.
(4)��(a)��If a person commits theft of three or more firearms, as defined in section 18-1-901 (3) (h), or if a person commits theft of any firearm and has been twice before convicted, upon charges separately brought and tried, and arising out of separate and distinct criminal episodes, of theft of any item, article, or merchandise valued at five hundred dollars or more, theft is a class 4 felony.
(b)��If a person commits theft of two firearms, as defined in section 18-1-901 (3) (h), or if a person commits theft of any firearm and has been once before convicted, upon charges separately brought and tried, and arising out of separate and distinct criminal episodes, of theft of any item, article, or merchandise valued at five hundred dollars or more, theft is a class 5 felony.
(c)��If a person commits theft of any firearm and has been three times before convicted, upon charges separately brought and tried, and arising out of separate and distinct criminal episodes, of theft of any item, article, or merchandise valued at five hundred dollars or more, theft is a class 4 felony.
(5)��(a)��If a person commits theft of any item, article, or merchandise valued at five hundred dollars or more but less than one thousand dollars, and the theft is committed in a manner other than described in subsection (4) of this section, theft is a class 5 felony.
(b)��If a person commits theft of any item, article, or merchandise valued at less than five hundred dollars and the theft is committed in a manner other than described in subsection (4) of this section, theft is a class 2 misdemeanor.
(6)��(a)��If a person commits theft of any item, article, or merchandise valued at less than fifty dollars and the theft is committed in a manner other than described in subsection (4) of this section, theft is a class 3 misdemeanor.
(b)��If a person commits theft of any item, article, or merchandise valued at fifty dollars or more but less than three hundred dollars and the theft is committed in a manner other than described in subsection (4) of this section, theft is a class 2 misdemeanor.
(c)��If a person commits theft of any item, article, or merchandise valued at three hundred dollars or more but less than seven hundred fifty dollars and the theft is committed in a manner other than described in subsection (4) of this section, theft is a class 1 misdemeanor.
(d)��If a person commits theft of any item, article, or merchandise valued at seven hundred fifty dollars or more but less than two thousand dollars and the theft is committed in a manner other than described in subsection (4) of this section, theft is a class 6 felony.
(e)��If a person commits theft of any item, article, or merchandise valued at two thousand dollars or more but less than five thousand dollars and the theft is committed in a manner other than described in subsection (4) of this section, theft is a class 5 felony.
(f)��If a person commits theft of any item, article, or merchandise valued at five thousand dollars or more but less than twenty thousand dollars and the theft is committed in a manner other than described in subsection (4) of this section, theft is a class 4 felony.
(g)��If a person commits theft of any item, article, or merchandise valued at twenty thousand dollars or more but less than one hundred thousand dollars and the theft is committed in a manner other than described in subsection (4) of this section, theft is a class 3 felony.
(h)��If a person commits theft of any item, article, or merchandise valued at one hundred thousand dollars or more and the theft is committed in a manner other than described in subsection (4) of this section, theft is a class 2 felony.
(7)��(a)��If a person commits theft of any item, article, or merchandise valued at less than fifty dollars and the theft is committed in a manner other than described in subsection (4) of this section, and the person has twice been convicted of any theft, upon charges separately brought and tried, and arising out of separate and distinct criminal episodes, theft is a class 3 misdemeanor.
(b)��If a person commits theft of any item, article, or merchandise valued at fifty dollars or more but less than three hundred dollars and the theft is committed in a manner other than described in subsection (4) of this section, and the person has twice been convicted of any theft, upon charges separately brought and tried, and arising out of separate and distinct criminal episodes, theft is a class 2 misdemeanor.
(c)��If a person commits theft of any item, article, or merchandise valued at three hundred dollars or more but less than seven hundred fifty dollars and the theft is committed in a manner other than described in subsection (4) of this section, and the person has twice been convicted of any theft, upon charges separately brought and tried, and arising out of separate and distinct criminal episodes, theft is a class 1 misdemeanor.
(d)��If a person commits theft of any item, article, or merchandise valued at seven hundred fifty dollars or more but less than two thousand dollars and the theft is committed in a manner other than described in subsection (4) of this section, and the person has twice been convicted of any theft, upon charges separately brought and tried, and arising out of separate and distinct criminal episodes, theft is a class 6 felony.
(e)��If a person commits theft of any item, article, or merchandise valued at two thousand dollars or more but less than five thousand dollars and the theft is committed in a manner other than described in subsection (4) of this section, and the person has twice been convicted of any theft, upon charges separately brought and tried, and arising out of separate and distinct criminal episodes, theft is a class 5 felony.
(f)��If a person commits theft of any item, article, or merchandise valued at five thousand dollars or more but less than twenty thousand dollars and
(d)��Él posee cualquier artículo utilizado o diseñado de manera que lleve a cualquier persona presente a creer razonablemente que es un arma mortal o representa verbalmente o de otra manera que él está entonces y allí armado.