California Knife Laws – What You Can & Cannot Carry Legally

Updated May 31, 2021

California knife laws break down into 3 categories of devices. These are:

1. knives that may be worn openly but not concealed,
2. knives that can be carried both openly and concealed, and
3. knives that are always illegal to carry.

The first category pertains to “dirks and daggers,” or knives that can be used as stabbing weapons. While a person may carry these knives openly in public in a sheath, it is illegal for a party to carry knives concealed on their person.

People in California can carry folding knives (other than switchblades) concealed on their person and freely in the open. Folding knives include pocketknives, box cutters, and other “utility” knives.

Certain knives are completely illegal to possess, manufacture, sell, and import in California. Examples of these types of knives include:

• switchblades, per Penal Code 21510 PC,
• belt-buckle knives, per Penal Code 20410 PC, and
• ballistic knives, per Penal Code 21110 PC.

A violation of these knife laws can lead to both misdemeanor and felony charges. Penalties may include:

• custody in county jail for up to three years, and
• a maximum fine of $10,000.

A defendant can raise a legal defense to challenge any alleged violation of a California knife law. Some defenses include the defendant showing that:

• the police conducted an unlawful search or seizure,
• the knife in question was not an illegal knife, or
• the defendant did not know that he had a prohibited knife.

In addition to the above rules, State laws prohibit people from carrying some knives into:

1. public buildings, per Penal Code 171b PC,
2. schools, per Penal Code 626.10 PC, and
3. certain federal property.

Further, California law makes it a crime for a person to:

1. “brandish” a knife, per Penal Code 417 PC, and
2. use a knife in committing an assault, per Penal Code 245a1.

In this article, our California criminal defense attorneys will answer the following five key questions:

• 1. What are California’s laws regarding knives?
  • 1.1. Knives that may be worn, but not concealed
  • 1.2. Knives that may be carried either openly or concealed
  • 1.3. Knives that are always illegal
• 2. Are there legal defenses if accused of violating these laws?
  • 2.1. Unlawful search and seizure
  • 2.2. Knife not illegal
  • 2.3. No knowledge
• 3. Does California have restrictions on carrying knives in certain places?
  • 3.1. Knives in public buildings – PC 171b
  • 3.2. Knives in schools and on school grounds – PC 626.10a1
  • 3.3. Switchblades on federal property – 15 USC 1241-44
• 4. Are there laws in California against using a knife as a weapon?
  • 4.1. Brandishing a weapon – PC 417
  • 4.2. Assault with a deadly weapon – PC 245a1
  • 4.3. Sentencing enhancement for personal use of a dangerous weapon – PC 12022
• 5. What about legislative and/or constitutional issues?
  • 5.1. Issues regarding dirks and daggers
  • 5.2. Issues regarding switchblades

1. What are California’s laws regarding knives?

There are three general categories of knife laws in California. These involve:

1. knives that may be worn openly, but not concealed,
2. knives that may be carried openly or concealed, and
3. knives that are always illegal to carry in the State.

1.1. Knives that may be worn, but not concealed

This category of laws applies to “dirks” and “daggers.”

Penal Code 21310 PC makes it a crime in California to carry a concealed dirk or dagger.¹ The concealed carry of one of these weapons includes:

• tucking it into a waistband or other article of clothing, or
• carrying it in a purse, pocket, or backpack.

California law, though, has an “open-carry” law for these knives. This means that a person may carry a dirk or dagger openly in public provided that:

1. the knife is contained within a sheath, and
2. the sheath is worn suspended from the person’s waist.²

A “dirk” or “dagger” is:

• any knife or other instrument with or without a handguard,
• that is capable of ready use as a stabbing weapon, and
• may inflict great bodily injury or death.³

Examples of these knives include:

• daggers,
• stilettos,
• chef’s knives,
• ice picks,
• fixed blade knives,
• bowie knives,
• knitting needles, and
• scissors.

Carrying a concealed dirk or dagger is a wobbler in California. This means it can be charged as either a misdemeanor or a felony.

A misdemeanor offense is punishable by:

• custody in county jail for up to one year, and/or
• a maximum fine of $1,000.⁴

A felony offense is punishable by:

• imprisonment in county jail for up to three years, and/or
• a maximum fine of $10,000.⁵

1.2. Knives that may be carried either openly or concealed

Per Penal Code Section 17235, all folding knives can be carried either openly or as a concealed knife provided that they are in a folded or closed position.⁶

Permissible folding knives include:

• a pocket knife,
• swiss-army knives
• non-locking folding knives,
• certain utility knives (e.g. a snap-blade knife), and
• other similar type knives that are not switchblades (which are illegal in California).⁷

Many of these knives use a thumb stud that a person must exert thumb pressure on in order to open it.

Note that if a folding knife is extended and locked into position, then:

1. it becomes a dirk or dagger, and
2. can only be carried openly and in a sheath.

1.3. Knives that are always illegal

California knife laws say that it is always illegal to possess, sell, manufacture, and import certain types of knives. These types of knives include:

• ballistic knives, per Penal Code 21110 PC,
• belt-buckle knives, per Penal Code 20410 PC,
• a lipstick case knife, per Penal Code 20610 PC,
• cane swords, per Penal Code 20510 PC,
• shobi-zues, per Penal Code 20710 PC,
• an air gauge knife, per Penal Code 20310 PC,
• writing pen knives, per Penal Code 20910 PC,
• switchblades, a spring-blade knife, spring-loaded knives, and a gravity knife, per California Penal Code 21510 PC, and
• undetectable knives (which are made from materials that cannot be detected by metal detectors), per Penal Code 20810 PC.⁸

The law presumes the above knives to be dangerous weapons.⁹

Possession of a switchblade knife or undetectable knife is charged as a misdemeanor. The offenses are punishable by:

• custody in county jail for up to one year, and/or
• a maximum fine of $1,000.

The possession, sale, manufacture, or import of any other prohibited knife is a wobbler.

Misdemeanor offenses are punishable by:

• up to one year in county jail, and/or
• a fine of up to $1,000.

Felony offenses are punishable by:

• up to three years in county jail, and/or
• a maximum fine of $10,000.

2. Are there legal defenses if accused of violating these laws?

Criminal defense lawyers draw upon certain legal strategies to contest violations of California’s knife laws. Some include showing that:

1. law enforcement conducted an unlawful search and seizure.
2. the defendant did not have an illegal knife.
3. the accused did not know that he had a prohibited knife.

2.1. Unlawful search and seizure

Authorities cannot conduct a search for a knife or seize a knife without a valid search warrant. If no warrant, then they must have a legal excuse for not having one. If the police obtain a knife from an unlawful search and seizure, then that evidence can get excluded from a criminal case.

Exclusion means:

• charges could get reduced, or
• a case may get dismissed entirely.

2.2. Knife not illegal

Recall that California state law specifically bans or prohibits a person from possessing, making, or importing certain types of knives. Further, many of these knives have precise legal definitions. This means that, as a defense, an accused can always try to show that the knife he had did not fall into the definition of an illegal knife.

For example, PC 17235 defines a switchblade as:

• a knife with the appearance of a pocketknife,
• with a blade length of 2 or more inches, and
• a knife that can be released by a flick of a button, pressure on the handle, flip of the wrist, or another mechanical device (an automatic knife).

Given this definition, a defendant can avoid a conviction by showing that the blade of the knife he had was only an inch. Or, perhaps the blade length was just under two inches.

Butterfly knives (a.k.a. balisong knives) are considered switchblades in California.¹⁰

2.3. No knowledge

A prosecutor must prove the following to convict an accused of possessing, selling, or making a prohibited knife:

1. the defendant knew he had a prohibited knife, and
2. he/she knew the knife had the characteristics of a prohibited knife.¹¹

Given these elements, an accused can avoid guilt by showing that he did not have this requisite knowledge. Perhaps, for example, he bought an illegal shobi-zue from an antique store and had no idea that it was prohibited under the law.

3. Does California have restrictions on carrying knives in certain places?

California law does impose restrictions on carrying knives into some places. These include:

1. in public buildings,
2. in schools, and
3. on certain federal property.

3.1. Knives in public buildings – PC 171b

Penal Code 171b is the California statute that makes it a crime for a person to bring or possess certain knives into:

1. any state or local public building, or
2. a meeting required to be open to the public.¹²

Prohibited knives under this statute include:

• switchblades,
• any knife with a blade over four inches and one that has a fixed blade (or one that can be fixed), or
• any knife prohibited to possess under the law.¹³

A violation of this law is a wobbler offense that can lead to up to three years in state prison.

3.2. Knives in schools and on school grounds – PC 626.10a1

Under Penal Code 626.10a1, it is a California wobbler offense to bring or possess certain knives on the grounds of:

• any K-12 public or private school,
• any private university, and
• certain state colleges.¹⁴

The prohibited knives include:

• dirks or daggers,
• knives with blades longer than 2 ½”,
• a folding knife with a fixed blade that can lock into place, or
• a razor blade with an unguarded blade.¹⁵

Violations of this law can result in imprisonment in state prison for up to three years.

Additionally, Penal Code 626.10a2 makes it a misdemeanor, punishable by up to one year in county jail, to bring or possess on the grounds of a K-12 school:

• a razor blade, or
• a box cutter.¹⁶

3.3. Switchblades on federal property – 15 USC 1241-44

15 USC 1241-44 are the federal laws that make it a crime for a person to either:

1. introduce or transport a switchblade in interstate commerce,¹⁷ or
2. possess a switchblade on federal or Indian lands, or lands subject to federal jurisdiction.¹⁸

As to the illegal possession of a switchblade, this law does not apply to members of the armed forces that are acting in the performance of their duties.¹⁹

A violation of these laws could lead to up to five years in jail.

4. Are there laws in California against using a knife as a weapon?

There are three main laws that make it a crime for a person to use a knife as a weapon. These are:

1. brandishing a weapon – PC 417,
2. assault with a deadly weapon – PC 245a1, and
3. use of a dangerous weapon – PC 12022.

4.1. Brandishing a weapon – PC 417

Penal Code 417 is the California statute that makes it a crime for a person to “brandish” a knife.²⁰

“Brandish” means to wave a knife in a:

• rude,
• angry, or
• threatening manner.

A violation of this statute is typically charged as a misdemeanor and can be punished by up to one year in county jail.

4.2. Assault with a deadly weapon – PC 245a1

Penal Code 245a1 is the California statute that makes an “assault with a deadly weapon,” or “ADW,” a crime.

Under the law, an ADW is defined as an assault committed with either:

• a deadly weapon, or
• other means of force likely to cause great bodily injury to another person.²¹

California law says that a knife can definitely fall into the category of a “deadly weapon.” An ADW, then, includes when a person commits an assault while using a knife.

A violation of this law can lead to felony charges and a penalty of up to four years in state prison.²²

4.3. Sentencing enhancement for personal use of a dangerous weapon – PC 12022

Penal Code 12022 is the California statute that imposes certain sentencing enhancements when a felon uses a deadly weapon in the commission of a felony.

The law says a defendant will face enhanced prison time for felony crimes, if during the commission of the crime, either:

1. the defendant was armed with a firearm, or
2. the defendant used a dangerous or deadly weapon.²³

As stated above, a knife can definitely fall into the category of a deadly weapon. Under PC 12022, then, a person can receive extra prison time if he/she:

1. committed a felony, and
2. used a knife in the commission of that offense.

The basic enhancement, per this statute, is an additional one year in prison.²⁴

This time period is in addition and consecutive to the punishment that the accused receives for the underlying felony offense.

5. What about legislative and/or constitutional issues?

There have been some legislative and constitutional issues over the years with both:

• dirks and daggers, and
• switchblades.

These issues mostly pertain to the California State legislature and California courts trying to simultaneously promote the goals of:

1. protecting the public from the risk of stabbings or surprise attacks, and
2. preserving the “innocent” carrying of legal instruments like steak knives, hunting and fishing knives, scissors, and metal knitting needles.²⁵

5.1. Issues regarding dirks and daggers

Balancing the above two goals has been challenging over the years with dirks and daggers.

Up until 1994, the law made it a crime for a person to carry a concealed dirk and dagger. However, the State never defined those terms.

This failure led to courts using the following definition:

• any straight knife,
• worn on the person, and
• which is capable of inflicting death.²⁶

The problem here is that the definition is broad and limits the government to accomplish the second goal mentioned above.

Courts struggled with providing a clear definition of dirks and daggers over the next two years.²⁷

The legislature then provided a definition in 1996, which is the same definition used today.

The Legislature recognized that the new definition might criminalize the “innocent” carrying of legal instruments such as steak knives, scissors, and metal knitting needles. But it concluded that “there is no need to carry such items concealed in public.”²⁸

Some constitutional challenges arose after the legislature adopted its definition, but California courts have ruled that PC 21310:

• does not violate the Second Amendment right to bear arms,²⁹
• is narrowly tailored to the legitimate interest of preventing surprise attacks and is not overly broad,³⁰ and
• does not burden the right to bear arms in self-defense.³¹

5.2. Issues regarding switchblades

As with dirks and daggers, concern over the years with switchblades is that the definition of these objects is:

1. too general, and
2. prohibits other knives that are used for peaceful purposes.

Up until 1957, it was illegal to possess, sell, or transfer any switchblade, or a knife with a blade of over two inches.³²

In subsequent years, the legislature amended the law so that a switchblade included:

• a gravity knife, and
• a knife that could be opened with a “flip of the wrist” or “the weight of the blade.”³³

Courts broadened the definition more and concerns began to arise that the statute prohibiting these knives was overly broad.³⁴

The legislature acted in 2012 and adopted Penal Codes 16965, 17235, and 21510, which were meant to replace PC 635k, or the former switchblade statute.

There have been no serious constitutional challenges made to Penal Code 21510 since its enactment.

For additional help…

For additional guidance or to discuss your case with a criminal defense attorney, we invite you to contact us at Shouse Law Group. Our firm provides trusted legal advice and serves clients throughout the state of California, including those in the Los Angeles and San Francisco areas.

For information on knife laws in Nevada and Colorado, please see our articles on:

• “Nevada Knife Laws Explained by Las Vegas Criminal Defense Attorneys,” and
• “Knife Laws in Colorado.”

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