Penal Code 523 PC addresses extortion by sending a letter that threatens
- to injure the person,
- to accuse the person of a crime, or
- to reveal a damaging secret about the person.
The offense is a felony with a maximum sentence of up to 4 years in jail or prison, and a fine of up to $10,000.00.
The full language of the code states that:
523. (a) Every person who, with intent to extort property or other consideration from another, sends or delivers to any person any letter or other writing, whether subscribed or not, expressing or implying, or adapted to imply, any threat such as is specified in Section 519 is punishable in the same manner as if such property or other consideration were actually obtained by means of such threat.
(b) (1) Every person who, with intent to extort property or other consideration from another, introduces ransomware into any computer, computer system, or computer network is punishable pursuant to Section 520 in the same manner as if such property or other consideration were actually obtained by means of the ransomware.
(2) Prosecution pursuant to this subdivision does not prohibit or limit prosecution under any other law.
(c) (1) “Ransomware” means a computer contaminant, as defined in Section 502, or lock placed or introduced without authorization into a computer, computer system, or computer network that restricts access by an authorized person to the computer, computer system, computer network, or any data therein under circumstances in which the person responsible for the placement or introduction of the ransomware demands payment of money or other consideration to remove the computer contaminant, restore access to the computer, computer system, computer network, or data, or otherwise remediate the impact of the computer contaminant or lock.
(2) A person is responsible for placing or introducing ransomware into a computer, computer system, or computer network if the person directly places or introduces the ransomware or directs or induces another person to do so, with the intent of demanding payment or other consideration to remove the ransomware, restore access, or otherwise remediate the impact of the ransomware.
Note that extortion, per Penal Code 518, is the act of obtaining something of value through force or threats. The crime of attempted extortion is prosecuted under Penal Code 524 PC.
Examples
- Melissa has a brief affair with a married man and then sends him a letter threatening to tell his wife if he doesn’t pay her $10,000.
- Monique sends her ex-boyfriend a threatening letter that says she’ll charge him with rape if he doesn’t send her money.
- Jose delivered a letter to his neighbor which said Jose would physically harm him if he didn’t put up a fence on his property.
Defenses
There are several legal defenses that a defendant can raise. These include showing that:
- the defendant made no threat,
- there was no letter, and/or
- the defendant was arrested after a coerced confession.
Penalties
A violation of this section is charged as a felony (as opposed to an infraction or a California misdemeanor). The crime is punishable by:
- imprisonment in a county jail for up to four years, and/or
- a maximum fine of $10,000.
Note that in lieu of jail time, a judge may award a defendant with felony (or formal) probation.
Our California criminal defense attorneys will explain the following in this article:
- 1. What does it mean to extort someone with a threatening letter?
- 2. Are there legal defenses to Penal Code 523 PC charges?
- 3. Penalties, punishment, and sentencing
- 4. Related laws
1. What does it mean to extort someone with a threatening letter?
Penal Code 523 PC is the California statute that makes it a crime for a person to commit extortion by means of a threatening letter.
In particular, the crime occurs when all of the following are true:
- the defendant sent or delivered a threatening letter or other writing to another person;
- in the letter, the defendant threatened to do any of the following:
a. unlawfully injure the other person, a third party, or their property,
b. accuse the other person, or that person’s relative or family member, of a crime, OR
c. expose a secret about the other person or that person’s relative or family member; AND
- when sending or delivering the letter, the defendant intended to use this threat to obtain money, property, or an official act from the other person.1
Please note that that for a crime to take place under PC 523, it doesn’t matter whether the defendant ever actually obtained money or property from the alleged “victim.” All that matters is that the accused sent a “threatening” letter.
Note also that the determination as to whether a letter is “threatening” is based upon all of the facts of a case. A letter can still be threatening even if there is no threat apparent from the face of the letter.2
2. Are there legal defenses to Penal Code 523 PC charges?
A person can try to challenge an accusation by raising a legal defense. A good defense may work to reduce or even dismiss a charge.
Three common defenses include:
- no threat
- no letter, and/or
- coerced confession.
2.1. No threat
Please recall that a defendant can only be convicted of a PC 523 charge if he “threatened” another person – with either an injury, an accusation, or an exposure of some type. This means it is always a defense for an accused to show that he made no threat.
2.2 No letter
Please also recall that a person can only be guilty of extortion by threatening letter if the party actually sent or delivered a letter. It is a valid legal defense, therefore, for the defendant to show that, even though he may have threatened another person, he did not do so via a letter.
2.3. Coerced confession
California law states that police may not use overbearing measures to coerce a confession.
If a party can show that the police coerced him into a confession, then:
- the judge may exclude the confession from evidence; or,
- the case could get dropped altogether if the party got pressured into confessing to a crime he didn’t commit.
3. Penalties, punishment, and sentencing
A violation of Penal Code 523 is charged as a felony. The crime is punishable by:
- imprisonment in a county jail for two, three, or four years, and/or
- a maximum fine of $10,000.3
Note that in lieu of jail time, a judge may award a defendant with felony (or formal) probation.
4. Related offenses
There are three laws related to extortion by threatening letter. These are:
- extortion of signature – PC 522,
- extortion by fake court order – PC 526, and
- bribery.
4.1. Extortion of signature – PC 522
A violation of Penal Code 522 is charged as a felony. The crime is punishable by:
- imprisonment in a county jail for two, three, or four years, and/or
- a maximum fine of $10,000.4
4.2. Extortion by fake court order – PC 526
Penal Code 526 is the California statute that makes it a crime for a person to commit extortion by means of a fake court order.
A violation of PC 526 is charged as a misdemeanor. The crime is punishable by:
- imprisonment in the county jail for up to six months, and/or
- a fine of up to $1,000.5
4.3. Bribery
Bribery is a crime in California. The offense is defined as an effort to corruptly influence, by way of money or gift, a public official in the course of that official’s work.
California has several bribery laws, including:
- bribery involving executive and ministerial officers and public employees – PC 67 and 68,
- bribery involving California legislative officers – PC 85 and 86, and
- bribery involving supervisors and public corporations – PC 165.
Except in certain situations, bribery is a felony. If convicted, a defendant can be sentenced to California state prison for between two and four years.
For more help…
If you or someone you know has been accused of a crime, per Penal Code 523, we invite you to contact us for a free consultation.
Legal References:
- California Penal Code 523 PC. See also CALCRIM 1831 – Extortion by Threatening Letter.
- People v. Fox (1958), 157 Cal. App. 2d 426.
- California Penal Code 520 PC.
- California Penal Code 520 PC.
- California Penal Code 19 PC.