The term “crimes involving moral turpitude” refers to categories of crimes that involve either
- dishonesty, or
- a base, vile, or depraved conduct that is shocking to a reasonable person.
Some examples of California crimes that are commonly deemed to involve moral turpitude include:
- murder,
- embezzlement,
- burglary,
- robbery,
- perjury, and
- aggravated assault.
In California, the classification as a crime of moral turpitude is typically used to determine:
- whether a criminal conviction will have negative immigration consequences (see the flow chart),
- whether it can be used to impeach the credibility of a witness, and
- whether it can be used to impose professional discipline (such as revoking one’s nursing license).
1. What are some examples of crimes involving moral turpitude?
There is no set statutory definition under criminal law. However, some examples of the specific crimes that California courts have found to constitute moral turpitude include:
- aggravated assault, including assault likely to produce bodily harm,
- assault with intent to commit murder,1
- attempted lewd acts on a minor, per Penal Code 288 PC,2
- arson, per Penal Code 451 PC,3
- burglary, per Penal Code 459 PC,4
- child abuse, per Penal Code 273d PC, 5
- criminal threats, per Penal Code 422 PC,6
- domestic violence when committed against a person’s spouse,7
- failure to register as a sex offender, per Penal Code 290 PC,8
- felon in possession of a firearm, per Penal Code 29800 PC,9
- felony hit and run, per Vehicle Code 20001VC,10
- grand theft auto, per Penal Code 487 PC,11
- murder, per Penal Code 187 PC,12
- perjury, per PC 118,13
- possession for sale of controlled substances, per Health and Safety Code 11351 HS,14
- rape, per Penal Code 261 PC,15
- receiving stolen property, per Penal Code 496 PC,16
- robbery, per PC 211,17
- trespass with the intent to injure any property or property rights, or interfere with the conduct of business,18
- voluntary manslaughter, per Penal Code 192 PC19, and
- welfare fraud, per Welfare & Institutions Code 10980 WIC.20
Depending on the case, the following crimes can also be CIMTs: Accessory to a CIMT, animal cruelty or fighting, drug offenses, conspiracy, DUI, felony hit and run, fraud, incest, involuntary manslaughter, kidnapping, mayhem, prostitution, paternity fraud, and spousal abuse.
Note that a CIMT is almost always a specific intent crime. This means that the elements of the crime must include some form of criminal intent (such as willfulness or the intent to defraud).21
Also, note that a CIMT is an offense that is morally reprehensible and goes against the rules of morality. These crimes often involve:
- vileness,
- baseness,
- evil intent, and
- a lack of good morals and good moral character towards one’s fellow man and society.
Most aggravated felonies count as CIMTs. In short, the definition of moral turpitude is shocking the public conscience. These crimes do not include offenses that happen because of a
- mistake,
- accident, or
- bad judgment call.
2. What are some examples of crimes not involving moral turpitude?
Some examples of specific offenses that California courts have found not to be CIMTs are:
- child endangerment, under Penal Code 273a PC,22
- domestic violence committed on someone other than a spouse,23
- most single first offenses of California DUI (driving under the influence),24
- involuntary manslaughter, under Penal Code 192b PC,25
- kidnapping without any aggravating factors, under Penal Code 207 PC,26
- possession of marijuana, under Health and Safety Code 11357 HS,27 and
- simple assault without any aggravating factors, under Penal Code 240 PC.28
3. Does a conviction trigger immigration consequences?
A conviction of a California crime with moral turpitude often will have negative immigration consequences.
United States immigration law says that certain kinds of criminal convictions can lead to:
- a non-citizen being deported, and
- a non-citizen being marked “inadmissible.”
A category of “deportable” or “inadmissible” crimes includes “crimes of moral turpitude.”29
A non-citizen can be deported because of a CIMT if he:
- is convicted of a CIMT,
- receives a jail time of one year or longer for the conviction, and
- the conviction occurs within five years of being admitted to the U.S.,
An alien is also vulnerable to deportability if:
- an immigrant is convicted of two or more crimes of moral turpitude, and
- the crimes arise out of different criminal schemes.30
Example: Elena is a green card holder from Mexico. She has been living in California for ten years. She then gets convicted of possession of drugs for sale, which is a CIMT for immigration purposes.
Here, Elena is not deportable. She only has one conviction of a CIMT, and it occurred more than five years after she entered the U.S.
But, if a few years later Elena is convicted of felony hit and run (which is also a crime of moral turpitude) she may be deported. This is because she received two CIMT convictions and they arose out of different schemes.
A non-citizen will be found inadmissible if he:
- gets convicted of a CMIT, or
- admits to all the elements of a crime of moral turpitude.31
If a person is inadmissible, they are not able to:
- apply for permanent resident status (for example, a green card),
- apply for adjustment of status,
- re-enter the US. after leaving, or
- naturalize for U.S. citizenship.32
There is a petty offense exception to CIMTs. Just one offense with a maximum term of one year probably will not result in inadmissibility or deportability.
A conviction of a CIMT can be used to impeach a witness.
4. Can a CIMT be used to impeach a witness?
To “impeach” a witness means to present evidence that questions the witness’s credibility. In California criminal trials, past convictions for felonies that are CIMTs can always be admitted to impeach a witness.33
Further, criminal conduct that constitutes a CIMT can also be admitted to impeach a witness. This is even if the witness was only convicted of a misdemeanor for it.
Jurors in a California criminal jury trial may distrust a witness’s testimony if they have a past CIMT conviction, particularly one involving dishonesty.34
5. Can CIMTs have negative consequences on professional licenses?
A CIMT can negatively affect a person’s career and/or professional license, including a license to practice medicine or the law.
For example, a lawyer in California may face discipline from the state bar if convicted of a CIMT.35 This means the attorney could be either:
- suspended from the practice of law or
- disbarred.36
Also note that California state employees may face discipline if they are convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude.37 They may also face:
- suspension from employment or
- loss of employment.
6. What should I do if I’m charged with a CIMT in California?
First, contact an attorney. An experienced lawyer can reach out to the prosecutor right away and attempt to broker a deal where the CIMT charge gets dismissed outright or substantially reduced.
Early intervention is especially important if you are a non-citizen: It can make the difference between you being deported or not.
If the prosecutors refuse to lessen or drop the charges, then your attorney should mount the most effective defense possible at trial. As long as the D.A. has insufficient evidence to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, you should be acquitted.
In the event you get convicted of a CIMT in California, your attorney would then seek post-conviction relief such as:
- a motion for a new trial – where you ask the judge to vacate the conviction and allow a trial “redo”;
- a motion for re-sentencing – where you ask the judge to lessen your sentence;
- an appeal – where you ask a higher court to review your case and overturn your conviction;
- a writ of habeas corpus – where you argue that you are being imprisoned unlawfully;
- a commutation – where you ask the Governor to reduce or eliminate your sentence; and/or
- an expungement of your criminal record – where you ask the court to clear your criminal record (thereby greatly increasing your employment opportunities)
7. What is the legal definition of crimes involving moral turpitude?
The legal meaning of moral turpitude stems from United States immigration law codes. The Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA)‘s view is that these crimes:
shock the public conscience,
- show depraved or vile conduct,
- violate societal rules,
- involve evil intent,
- are reckless,
- are morally unacceptable, and
- demonstrate wrongful intent.
A complexity is that moral turpitude is a broad category, not a specifically defined crime. The BIA decides on a case-by-case basis which offenses qualify.38
Looking at the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) for another perspective, moral turpitude involves reprehensible, wrongful conduct and evil or malicious intent.39 The USCIS also notes moral turpitude definitions vary by state. California local and state law enforcement will sometimes consult USCIS when evaluating a crime.
Additional Resources
For more in-depth information, refer to these scholarly articles:
- Should They Stay or Should They Go: Rethinking the Use of Crimes Involving Moral Turpitude in Immigration Law – Florida Law Review.
- Legislating Morality: Moral Theory and Turpitudinous Crimes in Immigration Jurisprudence – Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review.
- Moral Turpitude, Will We Ever Know What You Mean? A Case for a Modern and Intersectional Definition of Moral Turpitude – Estudios Críticos en Desarrollo.
- The Racialization of Crimes Involving Moral Turpitude – Georgetown Journal of Law & Modern Critical Race Perspective.
- Reevaluating the Adjudication of Crimes Involving Moral Turpitude – Lewis & Clark Law Review.
Legal References:
- People v. Omledo, (1985) 167 Cal.App.3d 1085.
- In re Lesansky, (California Supreme Court, 2001) 25 Cal.4th 11 (with or without a deadly weapon).
- People v. Miles, (1985) 172 Cal.App.3d 474.
- People v. Collins (1986) 42 Cal.3d 378.
- People v. Brooks (1992) 3 Cal.App.4th 669.
- Latter-Singh v. Holder, (9th Cir. 2012) 668 F.3d 1156.
- Grageda v. INS (9th Cir. 1993) 12 F.3d 919.
- Matter of Tobar-Lobo (Board of Immigration Appeals 2007) 24 I & N Dec. 143.
- People v. Littrel, (1986) 185 Cal.App.3d 699.
- People v. Bautista, (1990) 217 Cal.App.3d 1.
- People v. Rodriguez (1986) 177 Cal.App.3d 174.
- People v. Johnson, (1991) 233 Cal.App.3d 425, with premeditation or by acting with extreme recklessness.
- People v. Rollo (1977) 20 Cal.3d 109.
- People v. Castro (1985) 38 C.3d 301.
- People v. Mazza, (1985) 175 Cal.App.3d 836.
- People v. Rodriguez (1986) 177 Cal.App.3d 174.
- People v. Stewart, (1985) 171 Cal.App.3d 59.
- See Matter of Esfandiary (BIA 1979) 16 I & N Dec. 659.
- People v. Partner, (1986) 180 Cal.App.3d 178.
- Matter of Cortez, (BIA 2010) 25 I & N. Dec. 301.
- Fernandez-Ruiz v. Gonzales, (2006) 468 F.3d 1159.
- People v. Sanders (1992) 10 Cal.App.4th 1268.
- Morales-Garcia v. Holder, (Ninth Circuit 2009), 567 F.3d 1058.
- Hernandez-Perez v. Holder, (8th Cir. 2009) 569 F.3d 345.
- People v. Solis (1986) 172 Cal.App.3d 877.
- Castrijon-Garcia v. Holder (9th Cir. 2013) 704 F.3d 1205.
- People v. Valdez (1986) 177 Cal.App.3d 680.
- People v. Cavazos (1985) 172 Cal.App.3d 589.
- See Immigration & Nationality Act (“INA”) § 237(a)(2)(A)(i); 8 U.S.C. 1227.
- See same.
- Immigration and Nationality Act 212 – inadmissibility. INA § 212(a)(2)(A)(i)(I).
- INA 245.
- People v. Maestas, (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 1552.
- People v. Cadogan (2009) 173 Cal.App.4th 1502. Note that people convicted of CIMTs have damaged social credibility as well, even if they are never called to the witness stand.
- California Business & Professions Code 6101a BPC.
- See same.
- Government Code Section 19572k.
- Narez v. Garland (2022) 25 F.4th 1223.
- INA 101(f)(3). 8 CFR 316.10(b)(2)(i),(iv). Chapter 5 – Conditional Bars for Acts in Statutory Period, USCIS (“Whether an offense is a CIMT is largely based on whether the offense involves willful conduct that is morally reprehensible and intrinsically wrong, the essence of which is a reckless, evil or malicious intent.”)