Penal Code 148.9 PC – Providing False ID to a Police Officer

Under Penal Code 148.9 PC, it is a criminal offense if you knowingly provide false identification to a California police officer. This offense is a misdemeanor punishable by up to 6 months in jail and a fine of up to $1000.00.

The language of 148.9 PC states that “Any person who falsely represents or identifies himself or herself as another person or as a fictitious person to any peace officer…upon a lawful detention or arrest of the person, either to evade the process of the court, or to evade the proper identification of the person by the investigating officer is guilty of a misdemeanor.”

Keep in mind that you generally do not have to identify yourself to police in California unless it is part of a lawful detention or arrest. But if you do in fact identify yourself, and do so falsely, it can be a crime under this section.

Examples

• After being pulled over for suspicion of driving under the influence, Bob tells authorities that his name is “John Doe.”
• Mike is pulled over for speeding, per VC 22350, and he gives the police officer his brother’s name when the cop asks for identifying information.
• Janelle is stopped for running a red light, per VC 21453, and she tells authorities that her name is “Barbie.”

Defenses

There are several legal defenses that a person can raise if accused of a crime under PC 148.9. These include showing that the defendant:

• was not detained or arrested,
• was falsely accused, and/or
• was arrested after an unlawful search and seizure.

Penalties

A violation of Penal Code 148.9 is charged as a misdemeanor in California (as opposed to a felony or an infraction).

The crime is punishable by:

• imprisonment in county jail for up to six months, and/or
• a maximum fine of $1,000.

Please note that in lieu of jail time, a judge may award a defendant with misdemeanor (or summary probation).

Also note that, if a person is convicted of an offense under PC 148.9, this conviction will generally not have:

• any negative immigration consequences (if applicable), and
• an impact on a person’s gun rights.

A person convicted of this offense can also seek to have it expunged once he successfully completes:

• probation (if imposed), or
• any jail time (if imposed).

Our California criminal defense attorneys will explain the following in this article:

• 1. Is it a crime to give false identification to a police officer?
• 2. Are there defenses to Penal Code 148.9 PC?
  • 2.1. No detention or arrest
  • 2.2. Falsely accused
  • 2.3. Unlawful search and seizure
• 3. What are the penalties?
• 4. Are there immigration consequences?
• 5. Can a person get an expungement after a conviction?
• 6. Does a false identification conviction affect a person’s gun rights?
• 7. Are there crimes related to false identification?
  • 7.1. False impersonation – PC 529
  • 7.2. Resisting arrest – PC 148
  • 7.3. False statements/information to a police officer – VC 31

1. Is it a crime to give false identification to a police officer?

Penal Code 148.9 PC is the California statute that makes it a crime for a person to knowingly provide false identification to a police officer.¹

A prosecutor must prove three things to successfully convict a defendant of this crime. These are:

1. the accused knowingly provided a fake name, or the name of another person to a police officer,
2. he provided this name after being lawfully detained or arrested, and
3. the defendant gave the fake or false name to avoid the court process or to avoid proper identification.²

As to the second element above, there must be detention or an arrest for PC 148.9 to apply. This means that it is not a crime for a party to provide false identification during a consensual encounter with a police officer.³

Note that “false identification” includes giving police a false birthdate.⁴

2. Are there defenses to Penal Code 148.9 PC?

If a person is accused of a crime under this statute, then he can challenge the accusation by raising a legal defense. A good defense can often get a charge reduced or even dismissed.

Three common defenses to PC 148.9 accusations are:

1. no detention or arrest,
2. falsely accused, and/or
3. unlawful search and seizure.

2.1. No detention or arrest

Recall that an accused is only guilty under this code section if he falsely identifies himself after lawful detention or arrest. This means it is always a solid legal defense for a defendant to show that, while he provided a fake or false name to the police, he did so prior to being detained or arrested. Perhaps, for example, the accused was engaged in a consensual conversation with an officer when he gave a fake name.

2.2. Falsely accused

Unfortunately, it is not at all uncommon for people to get prosecuted based on false allegations. People get falsely accused out of

• jealousy,
• revenge, and
• anger.

Thus, it is a valid defense for a defendant to say that a party falsely accused him of violating Penal Code 148.9.

2.3. Unlawful search and seizure

The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution declares that we have the right to be free from unreasonable “searches and seizures” by law enforcement. If authorities obtain evidence from an unreasonable, or unlawful search and seizure, then that evidence can get excluded from a criminal case. This means that any charges in the case could get reduced or even dismissed.

3. What are the penalties?

A violation of this statute is charged as a misdemeanor in California.⁵

The crime is punishable by:

• imprisonment in county jail for up to six months, and/or
• a maximum fine of $1,000.⁶

Please note that in lieu of jail time, a judge may award a defendant with misdemeanor (or summary probation).

4. Are there immigration consequences?

A PC 148.9 conviction generally has no negative immigration consequences.

Note that under United States immigration law, certain kinds of criminal convictions in California can lead to a non-citizen being deported. Some convictions can also make an immigrant “inadmissible.”

A conviction for false identification to police, on its own, will not lead to deportation or to an inadmissibility status.

Further, with regard to immigration consequences, a crime of false identification is not a crime of moral turpitude.⁷

5. Can a person get an expungement after a conviction?

A person convicted under PC 148.9 can try to get the offense expunged.

Under Penal Code 1203.4, an expungement releases an individual from virtually “all penalties and disabilities” arising out of the conviction.⁸

One particular benefit is that an expunged conviction does not need to be disclosed to potential employers.

As a basic rule, PC 1203.4 authorizes an expungement for a misdemeanor or felony offense provided the applicant:

1. successfully completed probation (either felony probation or misdemeanor probation), and
2. is not currently:

• charged with a criminal offense,
• on probation for a criminal offense, or
• serving a sentence for a criminal offense.⁹

This means that once a defendant has successfully completed probation for violating PC 148.9, or serving a jail term for the same, he may begin trying to get the crime expunged.

6. Does a false identification conviction affect a person’s gun rights?

A conviction under Penal Code 148.9 does not have an effect on the convicted party’s gun rights.

Note that some felony and misdemeanor convictions will result in the defendant losing his or her rights to own a gun in California.

Also note that some misdemeanors carry a 10-year firearm ban.

But a conviction involving false identification will not result in a person losing ownership of his gun or being banned from the gun for a period of time.

7. Are there crimes related to false identification?

There are three crimes related to false identification to a police officer. These are:

1. false impersonation – PC 529,
2. resisting arrest – PC 148, and
3. false statements/information to a police officer – VC 31.

7.1. False impersonation – PC 529

Penal Code 529 PC is the California statute that defines the crime of “false impersonation” (also called “false personation”).

This section makes it a crime to:

1. “personate” someone falsely (that is, pretend to be them) in their public or private capacity, and
2. perform any other act that might cause the person being impersonated to become liable to a lawsuit or prosecution or become obligated to pay money.¹⁰

False personation is what is known as a “wobbler” in California law. This means that it may be charged as either a California misdemeanor or a felony.¹¹

If charged as a misdemeanor, the crime is punishable by up to one year in county jail.¹²

If charged as a felony, the offense is punishable by up to three years in county jail.¹³

7.2. Resisting arrest – PC 148

Penal Code 148 PC is the California statute that makes it a crime for a person to willfully resist or obstruct a police officer, or EMT, in the performance of his official duties.¹⁴

Many are aware that resisting arrest includes a person trying to obstruct the police in lawfully taking him into custody. But the crime also includes a wide range of other activity, like a person:

• interfering with a police officer’s travel to the scene of a crime or accident,
• obstructing the authorities from interviewing a witness of a crime, and
• trying to interfere with police while they are monitoring a suspect in custody.

A violation of this statute is charged as a misdemeanor in California.¹⁵

The crime is punishable by:

• imprisonment in county jail for up to one year, and/or
• a maximum fine of $1,000.¹⁶

7.3. False statements/information to a police officer – VC 31

Vehicle Code 31 VC is the California statute that makes it a crime for a person to give false information to a police officer.¹⁷

“False information” may include:

• a false name,
• a fake, counterfeit, or “borrowed” driver’s license,
• a fake, forged, or counterfeit registration (which would also be a violation of Vehicle Code 4463 VC California’s fraudulent vehicle registration law), or
• any known false answer to a question.

A violation of VC 31 is charged as a misdemeanor in California. The offense is punishable by:

• up to six months in county jail, and/or
• a fine of up to $1,000.¹⁸

For additional assistance…

If you or someone you know has been accused of a crime under Penal Code 148.9 PC, we invite you to contact us for a free consultation.

For similar accusations in Nevada, please see our article on “NRS 205.463 – Using another person’s identifying information, explained by Las Vegas criminal defense attorneys.”

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