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What is the statute of limitations for theft in California?
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The statute of limitations (“SOL”) for most California theft charges is one year if the charge is filed as a misdemeanor or three years if the charge is filed as a felony.
Under California criminal law, the SOL refers to the maximum time period in which a prosecutor can file criminal charges.
Most California misdemeanors have a statute of limitations of one year. But under California Penal Code 801 PC felonies have an SOL of three years.
Some examples of common California theft crimes are:
- petty theft,
- grand theft, and
- burglary.
One of the main reasons the law puts limits on when a criminal case gets filed is to preserve a sense of fairness for the defendant.
What is the statute of limitations if a theft crime is a misdemeanor?
There are several different theft crimes in California. If a defendant is charged with a theft offense, and it is going to be charged as a misdemeanor, then the SOL is typically one year. This means a prosecutor must file charges of the crime within one year of the offense. If no charges are brought during this one-year time period, a prosecutor loses the right to file them in the future.
Some examples of California theft offenses that are often charged as a misdemeanor are:
- petty theft, per Penal Code 484(a),
- shoplifting, per Penal Code 459.5 PC, and
- receiving stolen property (if the value of the property is $950 or less), per Penal Code 496(a).
What is the statute of limitations if a theft crime is a felony?
If an accused is charged with a theft crime that is a felony, then PC 801 says that the SOL to bring the charge is three years. This means a prosecutor must file charges of the crime within three years of the offense. If no charges are brought during this three-year time period, a prosecutor loses the right to file them in the future.
Some examples of California theft offenses that are often charged as a felony are:
- grand theft of a firearm (if the value of the firearm is more than $950), per Penal Code 487(d)(1),
- 1st degree burglary, per Penal Code 459 PC, and
- robbery, per PC 211.
What if a theft crime is a wobbler offense?
There are several theft crimes that are California wobblers. A wobbler is an offense that can be charged as either a misdemeanor or a felony. A prosecutor will determine which type of charge to pursue based upon:
- the facts of a case, and
- the criminal history of the defendant.
If the prosecutor decides that a crime will be charged as a misdemeanor, then he/she has one year to bring charges of that crime.
If, however, a prosecutor decides that an offense will be charged as a felony, then he/she has three years to bring charges of that offense.
Why does the law have a statute of limitations?
Statute of limitations exist to help ensure fairness for defendants. Evidence often gets lost or destroyed with the passage of time. Witnesses to crimes may also move after several years, or, they may no longer recall certain facts that took place. The result is that it would be unfair to pursue criminal charges against a person after a certain period of time has passed.
What is the Discovery Rule?
The Discovery Rule is used to determine when the statutory period for bringing criminal charges begins. The rule says that the SOL clock begins to run when an offense is discovered. So, for example, a person may commit a misdemeanor on January 1, 2019. If authorities do not learn of the crime until January 1, 2020, then they have until January 1, 2021 to bring misdemeanor charges.
Is there a statute of limitations for all crimes?
Not all crimes have a statute of limitations. Under California Penal Code 799 PC, charges of the following crimes can be brought against a person at any time:
- offenses punishable by death;
- offenses punishable by imprisonment in the state prison for life or for life without the possibility of parole; and,
- embezzlement of public money.
About the Author
Neil Shouse
A former Los Angeles prosecutor, attorney Neil Shouse graduated with honors from UC Berkeley and Harvard Law School (and completed additional graduate studies at MIT). He has been featured on CNN, Good Morning America, Dr Phil, Court TV, The Today Show and Court TV. Mr Shouse has been recognized by the National Trial Lawyers as one of the Top 100 Criminal and Top 100 Civil Attorneys.
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